witte_2024_how
Two-session online retest study (Prolific; N=238 with at least one session, 236 in session 1, 177 in session 2) measuring human exploration across three few-armed bandit tasks: a Horizon task (80 rounds of 4 forced + 1/6 free slot choices, information and horizon conditions), a two-armed bandit (30 rounds x 10 free choices under Stable/Drifting reward conditions), and a restless 4-arm bandit (200 consecutive choices among drifting arms). Participants also completed three working-memory tasks (updating, operation span, symmetry span) and exploration/mood/anxiety/depression questionnaires. Responses are keyboard arm choices with RT and reward per trial, Likert-scale questionnaire items, and WM accuracy scores. The research goal was the psychometric reliability, convergent/external validity, and improved computational modeling (UCB/directed/random exploration, hierarchical Bayesian and ML fits) of model-based exploration measures.
Responses
322,140
33,540 held out
CORE effects
–
no effects simulated
CORE test NLL (avg)
0.364
rank 2 of 7 models
Best model
CORE (no phonemes)
test NLL (avg) 0.363
Likelihood of human responses
| model | PNLL | test NLL (avg) | test responses | train NLL (avg) | train responses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CORE | 12,224.0 | 0.3645 | 33,540 | 0.3680 | 288,600 |
| CORE (no prediction errors) | 12,310.4 | 0.3670 | 33,540 | 0.3730 | 288,600 |
| CORE (no phonemes) best | 12,184.4 | 0.3633 | 33,540 | 0.3657 | 288,600 |
| CORE (no forgetting) | 12,831.8 | 0.3826 | 33,540 | 0.3901 | 288,600 |
| CORE (no hierarchy) | 17,496.7 | 0.5217 | 33,540 | 0.5429 | 288,600 |
| Transformer | 14,839.2 | 0.4424 | 33,540 | 0.4590 | 288,600 |
| Centaur | 24,248.4 | 0.7230 | 33,540 | – | – |
Experiments
| exp | task class | participants | responses | conditions | simulated | effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exp0 | ExplorationBattery | 238 | 322,140 | 1 | no | – |
Behavioral effects
No behavioral effects were simulated for this study.
Transcript
You take part in a two-session study on decision-making and memory. You are m, age 26, education code 16, income band 8. Session session1 In the memory phase you complete three working-memory tasks in a row: an operation-span task, a symmetry-span task, and an updating task. In each you recall items while doing a concurrent processing task. The scores below are your recorded results for the phase. Your recall accuracy on the operation-span task was 0.734444. Your recall accuracy on the symmetry-span task was 0.788889. Your recall accuracy on the updating task was 0.54. Your processing accuracy on the operation-span task was 0.980556. Your processing accuracy on the symmetry-span task was 0.986111. Your proportion of timed-out processing responses on the operation-span task was 0. Your proportion of timed-out processing responses on the symmetry-span task was 0. Your mean processing reaction time on the operation-span task was 9921.4 ms. Your mean processing reaction time on the symmetry-span task was 4124.92 ms. You now play the Horizon task. In this task you play many rounds with two slot machines: left = S, right = K. A message above the machines tells you whether this is a long round (10 picks) or a short round (5 picks). In the first four picks of every round one machine is highlighted and you must press that machine's key; after that you choose freely. After every pick you see the points that machine paid out. Round 1: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 54 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 46 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 66 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 35 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 67 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 60 points. Round 2: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 35 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 35 points. Round 3: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 54 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 55 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 47 points. Round 4: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 78 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 70 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 60 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press K. You win 68 points. You press K. You win 72 points. You press K. You win 74 points. Round 5: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 32 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 30 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 26 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 40 points. Round 6: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 56 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 42 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 62 points. Round 7: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 48 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 46 points. Round 8: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 54 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 68 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 53 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 52 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 61 points. Round 9: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 14 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 16 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 34 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 14 points. You press S. You win 33 points. You press S. You win 33 points. You press S. You win 50 points. You press S. You win 45 points. You press S. You win 32 points. Round 10: short, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 67 points. Round 11: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 79 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 62 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 68 points. You press K. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 67 points. You press K. You win 75 points. Round 12: short, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 26 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 49 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 43 points. Round 13: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 78 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 81 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 82 points. Round 14: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 51 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 42 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 35 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 56 points. You press K. You win 43 points. Round 15: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 38 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 44 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 64 points. Round 16: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 71 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 74 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 73 points. Round 17: short, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 67 points. Round 18: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 44 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 52 points. Round 19: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 33 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press K. You win 35 points. You press S. You win 35 points. You press S. You win 45 points. You press S. You win 45 points. Round 20: long, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 16 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 49 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 49 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 5 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 40 points. Round 21: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 35 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 72 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 74 points. Round 22: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 67 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 44 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 57 points. You press S. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 68 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 64 points. Round 23: long, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 73 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 36 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 68 points. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 70 points. Round 24: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 49 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 42 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 48 points. Round 25: long, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 33 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 44 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 40 points. Round 26: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 62 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 51 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 63 points. Round 27: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 82 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 72 points. Round 28: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 91 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 67 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 94 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 89 points. You press K. You win 93 points. You press K. You win 89 points. You press K. You win 97 points. You press K. You win 93 points. You press K. You win 94 points. Round 29: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 71 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 69 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 64 points. You press K. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press K. You win 58 points. Round 30: short, information condition -1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 30 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 38 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 41 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 47 points. Round 31: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 32 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 37 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 61 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 60 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 64 points. You press K. You win 60 points. Round 32: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 12 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 34 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 35 points. Round 33: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 39 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 36 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 31 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 44 points. Round 34: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 12 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 21 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 30 points. Round 35: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 65 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 70 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 66 points. Round 36: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 85 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 81 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 85 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 79 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 79 points. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 84 points. Round 37: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 45 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 52 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 61 points. Round 38: short, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 53 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 48 points. Round 39: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 65 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 67 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press K. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 60 points. Round 40: long, information condition -1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 19 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 24 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 19 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 34 points. You press S. You win 35 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 37 points. Round 41: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 44 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 60 points. You press K. You win 55 points. Round 42: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 74 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 64 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 56 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 68 points. Round 43: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 54 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 54 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 55 points. Round 44: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 44 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 30 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 40 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 40 points. Round 45: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 46 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 50 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 47 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 46 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 36 points. Round 46: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 71 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 65 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 65 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 57 points. Round 47: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 28 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 31 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 61 points. Round 48: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 46 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press K. You win 54 points. You press K. You win 47 points. You press K. You win 47 points. Round 49: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 37 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 31 points. Round 50: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 58 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 59 points. You press S. You win 53 points. You press S. You win 55 points. You press S. You win 61 points. Round 51: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 69 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 65 points. Round 52: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 56 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 52 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 50 points. Round 53: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 44 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 69 points. Round 54: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 48 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 52 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 63 points. Round 55: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 47 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 55 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 56 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 45 points. Round 56: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 55 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 55 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 60 points. You press S. You win 59 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 62 points. Round 57: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 57 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 50 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 45 points. Round 58: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 28 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 31 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 57 points. You press K. You win 21 points. You press S. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 57 points. You press K. You win 32 points. Round 59: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 69 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 74 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 73 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 58 points. You press K. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 71 points. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 70 points. Round 60: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 29 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 68 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 27 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 57 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 57 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 57 points. Round 61: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 61 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 71 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 69 points. Round 62: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 34 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 31 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 65 points. Round 63: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 48 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 20 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 12 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 38 points. You press K. You win 22 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 34 points. Round 64: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 48 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 55 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 71 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 68 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 50 points. You press S. You win 57 points. Round 65: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 84 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 76 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 84 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 52 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 74 points. Round 66: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 9 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 14 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 8 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 46 points. Round 67: short, information condition -1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 79 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 70 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 74 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 67 points. Round 68: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 54 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 48 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 61 points. Round 69: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 68 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 75 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 69 points. Round 70: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 29 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 30 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 48 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 33 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 43 points. Round 71: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 62 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 62 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 34 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 67 points. You press K. You win 64 points. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 69 points. Round 72: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 65 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 51 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 62 points. You press K. You win 56 points. Round 73: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 66 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 67 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 60 points. You press S. You win 54 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 65 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 62 points. Round 74: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 48 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 39 points. Round 75: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 55 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 54 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 68 points. You press S. You win 60 points. You press S. You win 60 points. You press S. You win 65 points. Round 76: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 76 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 74 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 72 points. You press K. You win 81 points. You press K. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 72 points. Round 77: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 96 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 67 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 86 points. Round 78: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 52 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 61 points. Round 79: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 62 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 61 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 60 points. Round 80: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 75 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 55 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 73 points. You now play the two-armed bandit. In this task you play 30 rounds of 10 free choices between the same two slot machines: left (S) and right (K). Within a round the machines pay points that may stay stable or drift; after each choice you see the points the chosen machine paid. Round 1 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press K. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 47 points. You press K. You win 47 points. Round 2 (reward condition: arm 1 stable, arm 2 drifting). You press S. You win 68 points. You press K. You win 75 points. You press K. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 78 points. You press S. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 75 points. You press K. You win 75 points. You press K. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 78 points. You press S. You win 71 points. Round 3 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press K. You win 15 points. You press S. You win 11 points. You press S. You win 7 points. You press K. You win 16 points. You press K. You win 15 points. You press K. You win 14 points. You press K. You win 10 points. You press K. You win 8 points. You press S. You win 22 points. You press K. You win 8 points. Round 4 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press S. You win 29 points. You press K. You win 25 points. You press K. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 37 points. Round 5 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 40 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press K. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 41 points. Round 6 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 48 points. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 50 points. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 50 points. Round 7 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 72 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 82 points. You press K. You win 85 points. You press K. You win 81 points. You press S. You win 76 points. You press K. You win 78 points. You press K. You win 76 points. You press K. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 74 points. Round 8 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 53 points. Round 9 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press K. You win 82 points. You press S. You win 67 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 80 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 82 points. You press K. You win 82 points. Round 10 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 72 points. You press S. You win 74 points. You press S. You win 75 points. You press S. You win 76 points. You press K. You win 71 points. You press S. You win 73 points. You press S. You win 74 points. You press S. You win 75 points. You press S. You win 75 points. You press S. You win 74 points. Round 11 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press K. You win 79 points. You press S. You win 79 points. You press K. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 75 points. You press K. You win 72 points. You press S. You win 72 points. You press K. You win 74 points. Round 12 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press K. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 32 points. You press K. You win 40 points. You press K. You win 40 points. You press K. You win 37 points. You press K. You win 39 points. You press K. You win 38 points. You press K. You win 38 points. You press K. You win 38 points. Round 13 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press K. You win 88 points. You press K. You win 89 points. You press K. You win 88 points. You press K. You win 88 points. You press K. You win 87 points. You press S. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 89 points. You press K. You win 89 points. You press S. You win 86 points. You press K. You win 87 points. Round 14 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press K. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press K. You win 25 points. You press S. You win 32 points. You press S. You win 31 points. You press S. You win 31 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 29 points. Round 15 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 70 points. You press S. You win 68 points. You press S. You win 67 points. You press S. You win 69 points. You press K. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 69 points. You press S. You win 68 points. You press S. You win 69 points. You press S. You win 68 points. Round 16 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press K. You win 16 points. You press S. You win 12 points. You press S. You win 8 points. You press K. You win 14 points. You press K. You win 16 points. You press K. You win 14 points. You press K. You win 16 points. You press K. You win 15 points. You press K. You win 15 points. You press K. You win 14 points. Round 17 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 50 points. You press S. You win 47 points. You press S. You win 47 points. You press S. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 54 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 54 points. Round 18 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press K. You win 72 points. You press S. You win 87 points. You press S. You win 95 points. You press S. You win 84 points. You press S. You win 81 points. You press S. You win 82 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 77 points. You press S. You win 72 points. You press S. You win 67 points. Round 19 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press K. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 54 points. You press K. You win 58 points. Round 20 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 25 points. You press S. You win 20 points. You press K. You win 23 points. You press K. You win 21 points. You press K. You win 25 points. You press K. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 26 points. Round 21 (reward condition: arm 1 stable, arm 2 drifting). You press K. You win 47 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 50 points. You press S. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 58 points. You press K. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 56 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 56 points. Round 22 (reward condition: arm 1 stable, arm 2 drifting). You press K. You win 82 points. You press S. You win 78 points. You press S. You win 78 points. You press S. You win 80 points. You press S. You win 77 points. You press S. You win 78 points. You press S. You win 80 points. You press S. You win 79 points. You press K. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 79 points. Round 23 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press K. You win 21 points. You press S. You win 21 points. You press S. You win 21 points. You press K. You win 8 points. You press S. You win 22 points. You press S. You win 19 points. You press S. You win 29 points. You press S. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 26 points. You press S. You win 28 points. Round 24 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press K. You win 61 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 59 points. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 60 points. You press K. You win 61 points. Round 25 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press K. You win 10 points. You press S. You win 14 points. You press S. You win 16 points. You press S. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 12 points. You press S. You win 26 points. You press S. You win 26 points. You press S. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 35 points. Round 26 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press K. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 55 points. Round 27 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 30 points. You press S. You win 35 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 35 points. You press K. You win 29 points. You press S. You win 35 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 35 points. You press S. You win 34 points. You press S. You win 34 points. Round 28 (reward condition: arm 1 stable, arm 2 drifting). You press K. You win 6 points. You press S. You win 12 points. You press S. You win 10 points. You press S. You win 10 points. You press S. You win 10 points. You press K. You win 20 points. You press K. You win 13 points. You press K. You win 14 points. You press K. You win 11 points. You press K. You win 19 points. Round 29 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 25 points. You press K. You win 17 points. You press S. You win 15 points. You press S. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 27 points. You press K. You win 30 points. You press K. You win 36 points. You press K. You win 43 points. You press K. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 39 points. Round 30 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 28 points. You press K. You win 25 points. You press S. You win 28 points. You press S. You win 27 points. You press S. You win 28 points. You press K. You win 25 points. You press S. You win 27 points. You press S. You win 28 points. You press S. You win 29 points. You press S. You win 28 points. You now play the restless bandit. In this task you play one long round of 200 free choices between four slot machines, played with S, D, K and L. After each choice you see the points the chosen machine paid out; the machines' average payouts drift slowly. You press S. You gain 46 points. You press D. You gain 52 points. You press K. You gain 49 points. You press L. You gain 51 points. You press L. You gain 65 points. You press D. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 59 points. You press L. You gain 62 points. You press L. You gain 61 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press D. You gain 51 points. You press D. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 59 points. You press L. You gain 68 points. You press L. You gain 52 points. You press L. You gain 47 points. You press L. You gain 51 points. You press L. You gain 57 points. You press K. You gain 32 points. You press S. You gain 36 points. You press L. You gain 41 points. You press L. You gain 52 points. You press L. You gain 48 points. You press D. You gain 66 points. You press D. You gain 69 points. You press D. You gain 74 points. You press D. You gain 64 points. You press D. You gain 72 points. You press D. You gain 76 points. You press D. You gain 75 points. You press D. You gain 78 points. You press D. You gain 71 points. You press D. You gain 75 points. You press D. You gain 54 points. You press D. You gain 64 points. You press L. You gain 62 points. You press L. You gain 48 points. You press L. You gain 67 points. You press K. You gain 45 points. You press L. You gain 59 points. You press L. You gain 56 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 59 points. You press L. You gain 56 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press L. You gain 62 points. You press L. You gain 65 points. You press L. You gain 67 points. You press L. You gain 63 points. You press L. You gain 63 points. You press L. You gain 54 points. You press D. You gain 38 points. You press D. You gain 37 points. You press S. You gain 51 points. You press K. You gain 44 points. You press K. You gain 45 points. You press S. You gain 48 points. You press S. You gain 57 points. You press S. You gain 54 points. You press S. You gain 53 points. You press S. You gain 50 points. You press S. You gain 53 points. You press L. You gain 55 points. You press L. You gain 48 points. You press L. You gain 53 points. You press D. You gain 33 points. You press S. You gain 57 points. You press S. You gain 44 points. You press S. You gain 48 points. You press L. You gain 53 points. You press L. You gain 63 points. You press L. You gain 64 points. You press L. You gain 53 points. You press L. You gain 60 points. You press L. You gain 52 points. You press L. You gain 53 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 54 points. You press L. You gain 55 points. You press L. You gain 60 points. You press L. You gain 53 points. You press L. You gain 55 points. You press K. You gain 68 points. You press K. You gain 74 points. You press K. You gain 81 points. You press K. You gain 70 points. You press K. You gain 78 points. You press K. You gain 78 points. You press K. You gain 81 points. You press K. You gain 78 points. You press K. You gain 86 points. You press K. You gain 77 points. You press K. You gain 74 points. You press K. You gain 84 points. You press K. You gain 81 points. You press K. You gain 82 points. You press K. You gain 71 points. You press K. You gain 80 points. You press K. You gain 74 points. You press K. You gain 88 points. You press K. You gain 78 points. You press K. You gain 71 points. You press K. You gain 73 points. You press K. You gain 85 points. You press K. You gain 78 points. You press K. You gain 81 points. You press K. You gain 73 points. You press K. You gain 74 points. You press K. You gain 74 points. You press K. You gain 76 points. You press K. You gain 78 points. You press D. You gain 46 points. You press S. You gain 46 points. You press K. You gain 71 points. You press K. You gain 68 points. You press K. You gain 64 points. You press K. You gain 57 points. You press K. You gain 61 points. You press K. You gain 58 points. You press K. You gain 59 points. You press K. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 65 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press L. You gain 67 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press L. You gain 75 points. You press L. You gain 70 points. You press L. You gain 73 points. You press L. You gain 79 points. You press L. You gain 74 points. You press L. You gain 65 points. You press L. You gain 75 points. You press L. You gain 66 points. You press L. You gain 67 points. You press L. You gain 67 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 62 points. You press L. You gain 62 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press K. You gain 58 points. You press D. You gain 58 points. You press S. You gain 37 points. You press D. You gain 53 points. You press D. You gain 58 points. You press D. You gain 56 points. You press K. You gain 59 points. You press K. You gain 52 points. You press K. You gain 53 points. You press K. You gain 48 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 64 points. You press L. You gain 62 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 60 points. You press L. You gain 61 points. You press L. You gain 57 points. You press L. You gain 61 points. You press L. You gain 62 points. You press L. You gain 67 points. You press L. You gain 64 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press L. You gain 65 points. You press L. You gain 53 points. You press L. You gain 54 points. You press K. You gain 50 points. You press D. You gain 57 points. You press S. You gain 30 points. You press D. You gain 43 points. You press D. You gain 56 points. You press L. You gain 64 points. You press L. You gain 56 points. You press L. You gain 61 points. You press L. You gain 60 points. You press L. You gain 49 points. You press L. You gain 51 points. You press L. You gain 53 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 51 points. You press K. You gain 46 points. You press D. You gain 52 points. You press L. You gain 45 points. You press L. You gain 43 points. You press L. You gain 52 points. You press L. You gain 40 points. You press D. You gain 44 points. You press D. You gain 47 points. You press K. You gain 50 points. You press S. You gain 55 points. You press S. You gain 44 points. You press S. You gain 46 points. You press S. You gain 40 points. You press K. You gain 54 points. You press K. You gain 56 points. You press K. You gain 66 points. You press K. You gain 62 points. You press K. You gain 60 points. You press K. You gain 57 points. Finally you complete five questionnaires. For each item you are given a statement or a word and answer with a single number on the stated scale. Answer each item with exactly that number. PANAS: for each of the 20 words below, rate how well it describes how you feel right now (0 = very slightly or not at all, 1 = a little, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit, 4 = extremely). Item 1: you respond 4. Item 2: you respond 0. Item 3: you respond 3. Item 4: you respond 0. Item 5: you respond 3. Item 6: you respond 0. Item 7: you respond 0. Item 8: you respond 0. Item 9: you respond 4. Item 10: you respond 2. Item 11: you respond 0. Item 12: you respond 3. Item 13: you respond 0. Item 14: you respond 3. Item 15: you respond 0. Item 16: you respond 4. Item 17: you respond 4. Item 18: you respond 0. Item 19: you respond 4. Item 20: you respond 0. STICSA: for each of the 22 statements below, rate how often it is generally true for you (0 = almost never, 1 = occasionally, 2 = often, 3 = almost always). Item 1: you respond 0. Item 2: you respond 1. Item 3: you respond 0. Item 4: you respond 0. Item 5: you respond 0. Item 6: you respond 0. Item 7: you respond 0. Item 8: you respond 0. Item 9: you respond 0. Item 10: you respond 3. Item 11: you respond 1. Item 12: you respond 0. Item 13: you respond 1. Item 14: you respond 0. Item 15: you respond 0. Item 16: you respond 0. Item 17: you respond 0. Item 18: you respond 0. Item 19: you respond 0. Item 20: you respond 0. Item 21: you respond 0. Item 22: you respond 0. BIG_5 openness: for each of the 6 statements below, rate your agreement (0 = disagree strongly, 1 = disagree a little, 2 = neutral, 3 = agree a little, 4 = agree strongly). Item 1: you respond 3. Item 2: you respond 0. Item 3: you respond 4. Item 4: you respond 0. Item 5: you respond 4. Item 6: you respond 0. PHQ_9: for each of the 10 items below, rate how often you have been bothered by it over the last two weeks (0 = not at all, 1 = several days, 2 = more than half the days, 3 = nearly every day). Item 1: you respond 0. Item 2: you respond 0. Item 3: you respond 1. Item 4: you respond 1. Item 5: you respond 0. Item 6: you respond 0. Item 7: you respond 0. Item 8: you respond 0. Item 9: you respond 0. Item 10: you respond 0. CEI: for each of the 4 statements below, rate your agreement (0 = strongly disagree, 1 = disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree, 3 = neither, 4 = somewhat agree, 5 = agree, 6 = strongly agree). Item 1: you respond 4. Item 2: you respond 5. Item 3: you respond 0. Item 4: you respond 5. Session session2 In the memory phase you complete three working-memory tasks in a row: an operation-span task, a symmetry-span task, and an updating task. In each you recall items while doing a concurrent processing task. The scores below are your recorded results for the phase. Your recall accuracy on the operation-span task was 0.892063. Your recall accuracy on the symmetry-span task was 0.955556. Your recall accuracy on the updating task was 0.73. Your processing accuracy on the operation-span task was 0.980952. Your processing accuracy on the symmetry-span task was 0.983333. Your proportion of timed-out processing responses on the operation-span task was 0. Your proportion of timed-out processing responses on the symmetry-span task was 0. Your mean processing reaction time on the operation-span task was 8940.93 ms. Your mean processing reaction time on the symmetry-span task was 8530.92 ms. You now play the Horizon task. In this task you play many rounds with two slot machines: left = S, right = K. A message above the machines tells you whether this is a long round (10 picks) or a short round (5 picks). In the first four picks of every round one machine is highlighted and you must press that machine's key; after that you choose freely. After every pick you see the points that machine paid out. Round 1: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 47 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 40 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 53 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 57 points. Round 2: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 34 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 42 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 34 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 48 points. Round 3: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 53 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 62 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 57 points. You press K. You win 68 points. You press K. You win 60 points. You press K. You win 64 points. You press K. You win 55 points. Round 4: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 3 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 8 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 11 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 37 points. Round 5: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 67 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 42 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 55 points. Round 6: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 73 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 71 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 48 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 74 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 69 points. Round 7: long, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 58 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 65 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 57 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 63 points. Round 8: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 83 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 85 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 87 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 85 points. You press K. You win 78 points. You press K. You win 85 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 81 points. Round 9: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 14 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 12 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 45 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 37 points. Round 10: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 47 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 49 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 44 points. Round 11: short, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 34 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 47 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 30 points. Round 12: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 88 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 85 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 93 points. Round 13: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 48 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 53 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 66 points. Round 14: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 63 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 60 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 67 points. Round 15: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 34 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 44 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 56 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 47 points. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 60 points. You press K. You win 44 points. Round 16: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 60 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 55 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 53 points. Round 17: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 71 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 37 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 57 points. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 59 points. You press S. You win 65 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 59 points. Round 18: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 56 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 28 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 63 points. Round 19: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 52 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 66 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 60 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 60 points. You press S. You win 60 points. You press S. You win 69 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 57 points. You press S. You win 58 points. Round 20: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 69 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 81 points. You press K. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 76 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 71 points. You press K. You win 66 points. Round 21: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 35 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 35 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 36 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press K. You win 31 points. You press S. You win 42 points. Round 22: short, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 94 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 68 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 55 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 56 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 85 points. Round 23: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 65 points. You press S. You win 59 points. You press S. You win 60 points. Round 24: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 58 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 57 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 65 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 59 points. You press S. You win 59 points. You press S. You win 60 points. Round 25: long, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 31 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 45 points. You press S. You win 47 points. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 37 points. Round 26: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 49 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 35 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 55 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 58 points. Round 27: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 69 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 69 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 64 points. You press K. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 65 points. Round 28: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 58 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 65 points. Round 29: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 67 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 54 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 64 points. Round 30: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 42 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 65 points. You press S. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 68 points. You press S. You win 57 points. Round 31: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 65 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 26 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 65 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 33 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 56 points. You press S. You win 57 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 58 points. You press S. You win 62 points. Round 32: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 59 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 52 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 64 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 60 points. Round 33: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 55 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 51 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 48 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 59 points. You press S. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 65 points. You press S. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 64 points. You press S. You win 61 points. Round 34: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 37 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 36 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 46 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 33 points. You press S. You win 33 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press K. You win 34 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 36 points. Round 35: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 44 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 70 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 46 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 62 points. Round 36: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 35 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 61 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 62 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 59 points. Round 37: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 33 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 18 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 35 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 35 points. Round 38: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 30 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 44 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 38 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 40 points. You press K. You win 33 points. You press K. You win 26 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 47 points. You press S. You win 46 points. Round 39: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 33 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 35 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 38 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 40 points. Round 40: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 35 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 47 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 34 points. Round 41: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 34 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 28 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 40 points. Round 42: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 61 points. Round 43: long, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 50 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 57 points. You press K. You win 47 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 44 points. You press K. You win 55 points. Round 44: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 68 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 54 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 47 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 65 points. Round 45: long, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 42 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 32 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 41 points. Round 46: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 38 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 79 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 68 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 70 points. Round 47: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 47 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 51 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 52 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 49 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 38 points. Round 48: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 73 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 64 points. You press K. You win 76 points. You press K. You win 71 points. You press K. You win 69 points. You press K. You win 67 points. You press K. You win 74 points. Round 49: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 22 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 15 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 25 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 47 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 45 points. Round 50: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 86 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 62 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 80 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 82 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 76 points. Round 51: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 70 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 70 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 71 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 70 points. Round 52: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 39 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 29 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 27 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 42 points. Round 53: long, information condition -1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 72 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 74 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 69 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 69 points. You press K. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 68 points. You press K. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 81 points. Round 54: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 65 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 21 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 67 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 70 points. You press S. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 58 points. Round 55: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 55 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 47 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 43 points. Round 56: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 90 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 75 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 79 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press K. You win 90 points. Round 57: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 62 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 72 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 62 points. Round 58: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 65 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 94 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 92 points. You press K. You win 90 points. You press K. You win 90 points. You press K. You win 90 points. You press K. You win 92 points. You press K. You win 95 points. Round 59: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 56 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 71 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 69 points. You press K. You win 69 points. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 67 points. You press K. You win 72 points. Round 60: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 75 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 70 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 66 points. You press K. You win 59 points. Round 61: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 28 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 36 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 31 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 34 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 45 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 41 points. Round 62: long, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 46 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 48 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 46 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 40 points. Round 63: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 57 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 68 points. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 67 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 60 points. You press K. You win 69 points. Round 64: long, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 67 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 54 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 69 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 53 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 67 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 55 points. Round 65: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 71 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 67 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 64 points. Round 66: short, information condition 1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 34 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 54 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 40 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 51 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 55 points. Round 67: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 37 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 43 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 38 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 34 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 45 points. Round 68: short, information condition 1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 84 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 82 points. Round 69: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 8 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 45 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 14 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 41 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 34 points. You press S. You win 33 points. You press S. You win 46 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 48 points. You press S. You win 43 points. Round 70: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 60 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 68 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 56 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 67 points. Round 71: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 33 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 44 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 44 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 37 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 36 points. Round 72: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 68 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 72 points. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 68 points. You press K. You win 67 points. You press K. You win 70 points. You press K. You win 69 points. Round 73: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 59 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 61 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 63 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 60 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 61 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press K. You win 59 points. Round 74: short, information condition -1. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 34 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 18 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 20 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 23 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 42 points. Round 75: short, information condition 0. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 56 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 36 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 58 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 38 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 55 points. Round 76: short, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 31 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 59 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 34 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press S. You win 65 points. Round 77: long, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 10 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 35 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 14 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 12 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 32 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 49 points. Round 78: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 76 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 64 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 70 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 61 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 75 points. You press K. You win 67 points. You press K. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 75 points. You press K. You win 72 points. You press K. You win 69 points. Round 79: long, information condition 0. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 52 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 47 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 43 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 37 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make six free choices. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 54 points. You press K. You win 54 points. You press K. You win 57 points. You press K. You win 50 points. Round 80: short, information condition -1. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The S machine is highlighted, so you press S. You win 57 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The K machine is highlighted, so you press K. You win 66 points. The machines disappear, reminding you how many free choices remain. You are told you can make one free choice. You press K. You win 67 points. You now play the two-armed bandit. In this task you play 30 rounds of 10 free choices between the same two slot machines: left (S) and right (K). Within a round the machines pay points that may stay stable or drift; after each choice you see the points the chosen machine paid. Round 1 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 35 points. You press K. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press K. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 38 points. You press K. You win 37 points. You press K. You win 39 points. You press K. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 36 points. Round 2 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 82 points. You press S. You win 79 points. You press K. You win 82 points. You press S. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 80 points. You press K. You win 81 points. You press K. You win 82 points. You press K. You win 78 points. You press K. You win 80 points. You press K. You win 82 points. Round 3 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press S. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 54 points. You press S. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 67 points. You press S. You win 66 points. You press S. You win 68 points. You press S. You win 70 points. You press S. You win 70 points. You press S. You win 68 points. Round 4 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 73 points. You press K. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 69 points. You press S. You win 77 points. You press S. You win 79 points. You press S. You win 75 points. You press S. You win 77 points. You press S. You win 79 points. You press S. You win 75 points. You press S. You win 77 points. Round 5 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 54 points. You press S. You win 55 points. You press S. You win 55 points. You press S. You win 55 points. You press S. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 54 points. You press S. You win 54 points. Round 6 (reward condition: arm 1 stable, arm 2 drifting). You press S. You win 56 points. You press K. You win 61 points. You press S. You win 57 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press K. You win 56 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 60 points. Round 7 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 35 points. You press S. You win 30 points. You press K. You win 29 points. You press K. You win 25 points. You press S. You win 17 points. You press S. You win 12 points. You press S. You win 12 points. You press S. You win 15 points. You press K. You win 28 points. You press K. You win 24 points. Round 8 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press K. You win 45 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 47 points. You press K. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press K. You win 47 points. You press K. You win 45 points. You press S. You win 43 points. Round 9 (reward condition: arm 1 stable, arm 2 drifting). You press K. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 35 points. You press K. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press K. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 35 points. You press S. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press S. You win 38 points. Round 10 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 37 points. You press K. You win 34 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press K. You win 36 points. You press S. You win 45 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 48 points. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 55 points. You press S. You win 57 points. Round 11 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 43 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press K. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press K. You win 44 points. You press K. You win 43 points. You press K. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press K. You win 46 points. Round 12 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press S. You win 19 points. You press K. You win 26 points. You press S. You win 26 points. You press K. You win 27 points. You press K. You win 26 points. You press S. You win 27 points. You press S. You win 28 points. You press S. You win 29 points. You press S. You win 34 points. You press S. You win 27 points. Round 13 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 79 points. You press K. You win 79 points. You press S. You win 81 points. You press S. You win 80 points. You press S. You win 80 points. You press K. You win 62 points. You press S. You win 84 points. You press S. You win 83 points. You press S. You win 88 points. You press S. You win 88 points. Round 14 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 11 points. You press K. You win 7 points. You press S. You win 12 points. You press K. You win 6 points. You press K. You win 6 points. You press S. You win 13 points. You press S. You win 13 points. You press S. You win 13 points. You press S. You win 11 points. You press S. You win 12 points. Round 15 (reward condition: arm 1 stable, arm 2 drifting). You press S. You win 51 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 52 points. You press S. You win 52 points. Round 16 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 47 points. You press S. You win 51 points. You press S. You win 50 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 57 points. You press K. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 44 points. Round 17 (reward condition: arm 1 stable, arm 2 drifting). You press S. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 42 points. You press S. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 48 points. You press S. You win 48 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 49 points. Round 18 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 12 points. You press K. You win 15 points. You press S. You win 13 points. You press K. You win 16 points. You press K. You win 16 points. You press K. You win 14 points. You press S. You win 13 points. You press K. You win 14 points. You press K. You win 16 points. You press K. You win 15 points. Round 19 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 23 points. You press K. You win 17 points. You press K. You win 18 points. You press K. You win 18 points. You press S. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 22 points. You press S. You win 23 points. You press S. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 23 points. You press S. You win 24 points. Round 20 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 63 points. You press S. You win 44 points. You press K. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 60 points. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 54 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 36 points. Round 21 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press S. You win 35 points. You press K. You win 39 points. You press S. You win 37 points. You press K. You win 38 points. You press K. You win 39 points. You press K. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 30 points. You press K. You win 38 points. You press K. You win 37 points. You press K. You win 39 points. Round 22 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press K. You win 48 points. You press K. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 44 points. You press K. You win 46 points. You press S. You win 26 points. You press K. You win 44 points. Round 23 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 65 points. You press K. You win 85 points. You press K. You win 84 points. You press K. You win 85 points. You press K. You win 88 points. You press K. You win 96 points. You press K. You win 90 points. You press K. You win 89 points. You press K. You win 90 points. You press K. You win 85 points. Round 24 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press K. You win 24 points. You press K. You win 24 points. You press S. You win 30 points. You press S. You win 31 points. You press S. You win 33 points. You press S. You win 29 points. You press S. You win 29 points. You press K. You win 26 points. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 38 points. Round 25 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press S. You win 57 points. You press K. You win 58 points. You press K. You win 56 points. You press K. You win 58 points. You press K. You win 57 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press K. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 56 points. You press K. You win 59 points. You press K. You win 58 points. Round 26 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 41 points. You press K. You win 28 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 43 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 25 points. You press S. You win 41 points. You press S. You win 40 points. You press S. You win 42 points. Round 27 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press S. You win 45 points. You press K. You win 44 points. You press S. You win 42 points. You press K. You win 38 points. You press S. You win 39 points. You press K. You win 47 points. You press K. You win 53 points. You press K. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 55 points. You press K. You win 57 points. Round 28 (reward condition: both arms drifting). You press K. You win 13 points. You press S. You win 15 points. You press K. You win 11 points. You press S. You win 8 points. You press S. You win 7 points. You press K. You win 17 points. You press K. You win 15 points. You press K. You win 12 points. You press K. You win 13 points. You press K. You win 13 points. Round 29 (reward condition: arm 1 drifting, arm 2 stable). You press S. You win 52 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press K. You win 49 points. You press S. You win 54 points. You press S. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press K. You win 50 points. You press S. You win 53 points. You press S. You win 51 points. Round 30 (reward condition: both arms stable). You press S. You win 75 points. You press K. You win 82 points. You press K. You win 82 points. You press S. You win 77 points. You press K. You win 82 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You press S. You win 74 points. You press K. You win 82 points. You press K. You win 80 points. You press K. You win 83 points. You now play the restless bandit. In this task you play one long round of 200 free choices between four slot machines, played with S, D, K and L. After each choice you see the points the chosen machine paid out; the machines' average payouts drift slowly. You press K. You gain 55 points. You press D. You gain 43 points. You press S. You gain 38 points. You press L. You gain 48 points. You press K. You gain 50 points. You press K. You gain 50 points. You press K. You gain 53 points. You press K. You gain 69 points. You press K. You gain 57 points. You press K. You gain 62 points. You press K. You gain 53 points. You press L. You gain 59 points. You press D. You gain 56 points. You press S. You gain 43 points. You press L. You gain 65 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press L. You gain 64 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press K. You gain 45 points. You press D. You gain 33 points. You press S. You gain 38 points. You press L. You gain 66 points. You press L. You gain 69 points. You press L. You gain 60 points. You press L. You gain 63 points. You press L. You gain 61 points. You press L. You gain 58 points. You press L. You gain 63 points. You press L. You gain 64 points. You press L. You gain 67 points. You press L. You gain 59 points. You press L. You gain 59 points. You press L. You gain 63 points. You press L. You gain 57 points. You press L. You gain 65 points. You press L. You gain 59 points. You press L. You gain 57 points. You press L. You gain 52 points. You press L. You gain 45 points. You press L. You gain 47 points. You press K. You gain 45 points. You press D. You gain 36 points. You press S. You gain 44 points. You press K. You gain 44 points. You press K. You gain 42 points. You press L. You gain 49 points. You press L. You gain 48 points. You press L. You gain 45 points. You press S. You gain 44 points. You press D. You gain 45 points. You press D. You gain 48 points. You press D. You gain 44 points. You press D. You gain 46 points. You press D. You gain 41 points. You press K. You gain 54 points. You press K. You gain 45 points. You press K. You gain 46 points. You press K. You gain 48 points. You press S. You gain 44 points. You press K. You gain 62 points. You press K. You gain 72 points. You press K. You gain 68 points. You press K. You gain 65 points. You press K. You gain 68 points. You press K. You gain 64 points. You press K. You gain 64 points. You press K. You gain 54 points. You press K. You gain 65 points. You press K. You gain 63 points. You press K. You gain 53 points. You press K. You gain 56 points. You press K. You gain 61 points. You press K. You gain 64 points. You press K. You gain 51 points. You press K. You gain 62 points. You press K. You gain 64 points. You press L. You gain 57 points. You press L. You gain 45 points. You press L. You gain 51 points. You press D. You gain 54 points. You press S. You gain 43 points. You press K. You gain 44 points. You press K. You gain 37 points. You press K. You gain 44 points. You press D. You gain 48 points. You press D. You gain 47 points. You press D. You gain 43 points. You press D. You gain 46 points. You press S. You gain 46 points. You press S. You gain 47 points. You press S. You gain 62 points. You press S. You gain 57 points. You press S. You gain 60 points. You press S. You gain 56 points. You press S. You gain 66 points. You press S. You gain 56 points. You press S. You gain 66 points. You press S. You gain 70 points. You press S. You gain 63 points. You press S. You gain 69 points. You press S. You gain 68 points. You press S. You gain 69 points. You press S. You gain 68 points. You press S. You gain 78 points. You press S. You gain 71 points. You press S. You gain 70 points. You press S. You gain 62 points. You press S. You gain 60 points. You press S. You gain 53 points. You press S. You gain 61 points. You press K. You gain 59 points. You press D. You gain 63 points. You press L. You gain 47 points. You press D. You gain 49 points. You press D. You gain 51 points. You press D. You gain 54 points. You press S. You gain 71 points. You press S. You gain 61 points. You press S. You gain 59 points. You press S. You gain 59 points. You press S. You gain 64 points. You press S. You gain 74 points. You press S. You gain 71 points. You press S. You gain 73 points. You press S. You gain 68 points. You press S. You gain 72 points. You press S. You gain 68 points. You press S. You gain 70 points. You press S. You gain 66 points. You press S. You gain 68 points. You press S. You gain 67 points. You press S. You gain 66 points. You press S. You gain 71 points. You press S. You gain 76 points. You press S. You gain 63 points. You press S. You gain 71 points. You press S. You gain 67 points. You press S. You gain 74 points. You press S. You gain 66 points. You press S. You gain 63 points. You press S. You gain 68 points. You press S. You gain 75 points. You press S. You gain 65 points. You press S. You gain 75 points. You press S. You gain 68 points. You press S. You gain 74 points. You press S. You gain 63 points. You press S. You gain 78 points. You press S. You gain 73 points. You press S. You gain 63 points. You press S. You gain 59 points. You press S. You gain 59 points. You press K. You gain 69 points. You press K. You gain 64 points. You press K. You gain 66 points. You press K. You gain 57 points. You press D. You gain 51 points. You press L. You gain 25 points. You press S. You gain 44 points. You press S. You gain 42 points. You press K. You gain 72 points. You press K. You gain 70 points. You press K. You gain 71 points. You press K. You gain 78 points. You press K. You gain 77 points. You press K. You gain 75 points. You press K. You gain 74 points. You press K. You gain 68 points. You press K. You gain 72 points. You press K. You gain 64 points. You press K. You gain 62 points. You press K. You gain 64 points. You press K. You gain 62 points. You press K. You gain 50 points. You press K. You gain 55 points. You press K. You gain 56 points. You press D. You gain 63 points. You press D. You gain 57 points. You press S. You gain 45 points. You press L. You gain 35 points. You press D. You gain 58 points. You press D. You gain 57 points. You press D. You gain 58 points. You press D. You gain 61 points. You press D. You gain 56 points. You press D. You gain 59 points. You press D. You gain 67 points. You press D. You gain 61 points. You press D. You gain 49 points. You press D. You gain 52 points. You press K. You gain 60 points. You press K. You gain 67 points. You press K. You gain 62 points. You press K. You gain 65 points. You press K. You gain 65 points. You press K. You gain 67 points. You press K. You gain 61 points. You press K. You gain 66 points. You press K. You gain 57 points. Finally you complete five questionnaires. For each item you are given a statement or a word and answer with a single number on the stated scale. Answer each item with exactly that number. PANAS: for each of the 20 words below, rate how well it describes how you feel right now (0 = very slightly or not at all, 1 = a little, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit, 4 = extremely). Item 1: you respond 4. Item 2: you respond 0. Item 3: you respond 3. Item 4: you respond 0. Item 5: you respond 3. Item 6: you respond 0. Item 7: you respond 0. Item 8: you respond 0. Item 9: you respond 4. Item 10: you respond 4. Item 11: you respond 1. Item 12: you respond 4. Item 13: you respond 0. Item 14: you respond 3. Item 15: you respond 0. Item 16: you respond 4. Item 17: you respond 4. Item 18: you respond 0. Item 19: you respond 4. Item 20: you respond 0. STICSA: for each of the 22 statements below, rate how often it is generally true for you (0 = almost never, 1 = occasionally, 2 = often, 3 = almost always). Item 1: you respond 0. Item 2: you respond 1. Item 3: you respond 1. Item 4: you respond 1. Item 5: you respond 1. Item 6: you respond 0. Item 7: you respond 0. Item 8: you respond 0. Item 9: you respond 0. Item 10: you respond 3. Item 11: you respond 1. Item 12: you respond 0. Item 13: you respond 0. Item 14: you respond 0. Item 15: you respond 0. Item 16: you respond 0. Item 17: you respond 3. Item 18: you respond 3. Item 19: you respond 0. Item 20: you respond 0. Item 21: you respond 0. Item 22: you respond 0. BIG_5 openness: for each of the 6 statements below, rate your agreement (0 = disagree strongly, 1 = disagree a little, 2 = neutral, 3 = agree a little, 4 = agree strongly). Item 1: you respond 4. Item 2: you respond 0. Item 3: you respond 4. Item 4: you respond 0. Item 5: you respond 4. Item 6: you respond 0. PHQ_9: for each of the 10 items below, rate how often you have been bothered by it over the last two weeks (0 = not at all, 1 = several days, 2 = more than half the days, 3 = nearly every day). Item 1: you respond 0. Item 2: you respond 0. Item 3: you respond 1. Item 4: you respond 1. Item 5: you respond 0. Item 6: you respond 0. Item 7: you respond 0. Item 8: you respond 0. Item 9: you respond 0. Item 10: you respond 0. CEI: for each of the 4 statements below, rate your agreement (0 = strongly disagree, 1 = disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree, 3 = neither, 4 = somewhat agree, 5 = agree, 6 = strongly agree). Item 1: you respond 6. Item 2: you respond 5. Item 3: you respond 0. Item 4: you respond 4.